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Why yawns are contagious—in all kinds of animals - Last Episode Evolutionary biologist Andrew Gallup explains why we yawn after others Continuation from last episode, Q: Do all animals yawn the same way? A: We’ve done a number of large-scale comparative studies, where we’ve recorded the yawn durations from over 100 mammalian and avian species. We find that even when controlling for body size, there are very strong positive relationships between how long an animal yawns and how large and complex their brain is. Q: One of the most curious things about yawning is that it can be contagious. Do all animals yawn contagiously? A: We’ve been talking about spontaneous yawns up to this point—those are internally, physiologically driven. Contagious yawns are elicited by seeing or hearing yawns in others, and [they] have only been documented in highly social species, humans included. There’s a wide variability in that response among individuals. Some individuals are very susceptib...
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Will climate change make animals darker—or lighter? Tawny owls in Finland are increasingly russet, instead of pale gray, which may be a result of a warming climate. A 19th century claim has fueled a 21st century debate about how a warming climate might reshape animals. Beginning in the early 1800s, biologists identified multiple “rules” describing the ecological and evolutionary impacts of temperature. One rule held that animals have bigger appendages (ears, beaks) in hot climates, to help dissipate body heat. Another said that, within any group of animals, the biggest generally reside closer to the poles—think of polar bears towering over midlatitude brown bears—because larger bodies help retain heat. And Gloger’s rule, named after German biologist Constantin Gloger, declared that animals in warmer regions usually have darker exteriors, whereas those in cooler regions are lighter. Among mammals, darker skin and hair was thought to protect against damaging ultravi...
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